Welcome First Form
In this page, you can retrieve any documents needed for the week to help you be better prepared for each session. The documents included are notes, videos, group members and materials needed. any queries please feel free to email me at : [email protected]
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1st_form_science_yearly_plan_18-19_revised.pdf | |
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unit_one_notes_first_form_science.pdf | |
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Unit 1: Measurement and Manipulation
Day 1: Importance of measurement
Measurement plays an important role, and when possible the scientist attempts to test his theories by carefully designed and controlled experiments that will yield quantitative results.
The accuracy of each measurement depends on the quality of the measuring apparatus and the skill of the scientists taking the measurement. If the apparatus is faulty, or the scientists make a mistake, the measurement may be inaccurate.
Accuracy refers to the closeness of a measured value to a standard or known value. For example, if in lab you obtain a weight measurement of 3.2 kg for a given substance, but the actual or known weight is 10 kg, then your measurement is not accurate.
Without standard units of measurement, scientists would have a huge problem understanding what other scientists were saying. After all, if I was to refer to a meter as "the length of my leg" and another scientist was to refer to it as "the length of a Saint Bernard dog", we'd have a lot of trouble when it came to do actual science. To avoid this problem, the SI system of units gives us a convenient and, more importantly, standard set of units that we can agree on.
The accuracy of each measurement depends on the quality of the measuring apparatus and the skill of the scientists taking the measurement. If the apparatus is faulty, or the scientists make a mistake, the measurement may be inaccurate.
Accuracy refers to the closeness of a measured value to a standard or known value. For example, if in lab you obtain a weight measurement of 3.2 kg for a given substance, but the actual or known weight is 10 kg, then your measurement is not accurate.
Without standard units of measurement, scientists would have a huge problem understanding what other scientists were saying. After all, if I was to refer to a meter as "the length of my leg" and another scientist was to refer to it as "the length of a Saint Bernard dog", we'd have a lot of trouble when it came to do actual science. To avoid this problem, the SI system of units gives us a convenient and, more importantly, standard set of units that we can agree on.
1. Answer question: Why measurement is important?
2. View the video below to observe what is meant by the importance of accuracy.
3. Answer questions on the right side of the video.
2. View the video below to observe what is meant by the importance of accuracy.
3. Answer questions on the right side of the video.
Extended activity:
- Design an experiment that mimics the accurate works of a scientist. The experiment can be that of cooking or making something that requires accuracy.
Terms and SI units for Length.
We can measure how long things are, or how tall, or how far apart they are. Those are all examples of length measurements. These are the most common measurements:
Millimeters, Centimeters, Meters & Kilometers
Small units of length are called millimeters. A millimeter is about the thickness of a credit card. This is a very small measurement! When we have 10 millimeters = 1 centimeter
A fingernail is about 1 centimeter wide. We can use millimeters or centimeters to measure how tall we are, or how wide a table is, but to measure the length of football field it is better to use meters
A meter is = 100 centimeters. The length of a guitar is about 1 meter. Meters can be used to measure the length of a house, or the size of a playground.
A kilometer is equal to 1000 meters. When we need to get from one place to another, we measure the distance using kilometers. The distance from one city to another or how far a plane travels can be measured using kilometers.
Millimeters, Centimeters, Meters & Kilometers
Small units of length are called millimeters. A millimeter is about the thickness of a credit card. This is a very small measurement! When we have 10 millimeters = 1 centimeter
A fingernail is about 1 centimeter wide. We can use millimeters or centimeters to measure how tall we are, or how wide a table is, but to measure the length of football field it is better to use meters
A meter is = 100 centimeters. The length of a guitar is about 1 meter. Meters can be used to measure the length of a house, or the size of a playground.
A kilometer is equal to 1000 meters. When we need to get from one place to another, we measure the distance using kilometers. The distance from one city to another or how far a plane travels can be measured using kilometers.
Differentiate between Mass and Weight
Which One is heavier a marble or a chalk?
Forum #1
Summarize the importance of measurement such as length and mass. 5 pts.
Mass
Mass: how much matter is in an object. We measure mass by weighing, but weight and mass are not the same thing. An objects weight is how hard gravity is pulling on it.
These are the most common measurements: Grams, kilograms and Tons.
Grams: A paperclip weighs about 1 gram. A gram is very light. Grams are often written as g so "300 g" means "300 grams".
Kilograms: 1,000 grams = 1 kilogram. Kilograms are great for measuring things that can be lifted by people. Kilograms are often written as kg. Scales measure our weight using kilograms. But when it comes to things that are very heavy, we need to use the ton.
Ton: 1,000 kilograms = 1 ton. Tons are used to measure things that are very heavy. Things like cars, trucks and large cargo boxes are weighed using the ton. This car weighs about 2 tons. Tons are often written as t.
Final thoughts about measuring weight:
1 kilogram = 1,000 grams
1 ton = 1,000 kilograms
These are the most common measurements: Grams, kilograms and Tons.
Grams: A paperclip weighs about 1 gram. A gram is very light. Grams are often written as g so "300 g" means "300 grams".
Kilograms: 1,000 grams = 1 kilogram. Kilograms are great for measuring things that can be lifted by people. Kilograms are often written as kg. Scales measure our weight using kilograms. But when it comes to things that are very heavy, we need to use the ton.
Ton: 1,000 kilograms = 1 ton. Tons are used to measure things that are very heavy. Things like cars, trucks and large cargo boxes are weighed using the ton. This car weighs about 2 tons. Tons are often written as t.
Final thoughts about measuring weight:
1 kilogram = 1,000 grams
1 ton = 1,000 kilograms
Volume
Introduction: pretend you just finished P.E. class on a very hot day. You are very thirsty from all the energy exerted on the playground.
Question : what amount of liquid the container is holding?
Question: What amount of liquid does the eye dropper hold?
Question: Which amount of water would you like to drink from Liters or milliliters?
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FORUM #2
For the following please indicate LITERS or Milliliters for USE
bathtub
small milk carton
soup bowl
barrel
spoon
swimming pool
tea cup
baby bottle
water bucket
juice cup
For the following please indicate LITERS or Milliliters for USE
bathtub
small milk carton
soup bowl
barrel
spoon
swimming pool
tea cup
baby bottle
water bucket
juice cup
Volume: the amount of space that a substance or object occupies, or that is enclosed within a container.
These are the two most common measurements: Millimeters and liters
A milliliter: is a very small amount of liquid. If you collect about 20 drops of water, you will have 1 milliliter. Milliliters are often written as ml.
A liter is just a bunch of milliliters put all together.
1 liter = 1,000 milliliters
Liters are often written as L. Milk, soda and other drinks are often sold in liters.
Other Volume Measurements
Cubic Meter (m3)
A cube that is 1 meter on each side is a cubic meter (m3)
1 m3 = 1,000 Liters
These are the two most common measurements: Millimeters and liters
A milliliter: is a very small amount of liquid. If you collect about 20 drops of water, you will have 1 milliliter. Milliliters are often written as ml.
A liter is just a bunch of milliliters put all together.
1 liter = 1,000 milliliters
Liters are often written as L. Milk, soda and other drinks are often sold in liters.
Other Volume Measurements
Cubic Meter (m3)
A cube that is 1 meter on each side is a cubic meter (m3)
1 m3 = 1,000 Liters
Temperature
We all have a feel for what temperature is. The water in the shower or bathtub feels hot or cold or warm. The weather outside is chilly or steamy.
In science we measure temperatures on the Celsius scale; the units are degrees Celsius (ºC) Definitions of temperature:
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States of Matter
RATIONALE: Matter is everything around you. Atoms and molecules are all composed of matter. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. This unit is includes integrating many academic disciplines while teaching students about matter with specifics such as: properties, phase changes and states of matter. Students will be involved in a variety of activities to enhance their learning and explore the properties of matter by doing hands-on activities. This content will allow students to understand the world around them is made up of matter and how it can change.
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What is matter?
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Forum #3
NON MATTER: examples
Wind can be felt on your skin and you can see the wind move branches of trees. But wind itself it not matter. It is the movement of air, which itself is matter.
Electricity is similar. You can see the result of electricity at work – light bulb lighting up for example and you can feel electricity as an electric shock. But electricity is just the movement/flow of an electric charge - it is not matter itself. It is the movement of matter (electrons).
Sound is the result of air movement against your eardrum and not matter itself.
A flame or fire can also pose difficulties. The smoke that rises up from the fire or flame contains vaporized gases and small particles and therefore contains matter. But the fire and flame themselves, the light and heat emitted, are energy, not matter.
Matter
Matter is all around us. Matter is the air you are breathing. Matter is the computer you are reading from now. Matter is the stuff you touch and see. And it is more. Matter is defined as anything that has mass and takes up space. Matter is found in 3 major states; solid, liquid and gas.
So what is matter made of?
All matter is made of atoms. Atoms are the smallest particle of matter. They are so small that you cannot see them with your eyes or even with a standard microscope. A standard sheet of paper is about a million atoms thick. Science has come up with a technology to identify atoms called a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) which uses electricity to map atoms.
Wind can be felt on your skin and you can see the wind move branches of trees. But wind itself it not matter. It is the movement of air, which itself is matter.
Electricity is similar. You can see the result of electricity at work – light bulb lighting up for example and you can feel electricity as an electric shock. But electricity is just the movement/flow of an electric charge - it is not matter itself. It is the movement of matter (electrons).
Sound is the result of air movement against your eardrum and not matter itself.
A flame or fire can also pose difficulties. The smoke that rises up from the fire or flame contains vaporized gases and small particles and therefore contains matter. But the fire and flame themselves, the light and heat emitted, are energy, not matter.
Matter
Matter is all around us. Matter is the air you are breathing. Matter is the computer you are reading from now. Matter is the stuff you touch and see. And it is more. Matter is defined as anything that has mass and takes up space. Matter is found in 3 major states; solid, liquid and gas.
So what is matter made of?
All matter is made of atoms. Atoms are the smallest particle of matter. They are so small that you cannot see them with your eyes or even with a standard microscope. A standard sheet of paper is about a million atoms thick. Science has come up with a technology to identify atoms called a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) which uses electricity to map atoms.
Matter: SOLID, LIQUID AND GAS
TRY THIS AT HOME!
1.Drop an Alka-Seltzer tablet into a cup of water. 2.First they predict what will happen. 3.Write down properties ( states of matter) of the tablet and properties of the water. 4.Then everyone at the same time drops the tablet into their water and it starts to bubble up creating a _________. 5. Put your hand over the top of the cup to feel the ________. Kind of like the bubbles of a soda when you open it. |
SolidsMatter that is composed of atoms packed tightly together is known as solids. You cannot walk through a solid wall. The matter is packed so tight that it prevents you from moving through it. Solids hold their shape at room temperature. The pencil that you left in the desk at school will still be the same shape when you return tomorrow.
Even in solids there is a small space between the atoms. Depending on how tight the atoms are packed determines the density of matter. This means that a one inch block of wood is not as dense as a one inch block of gold. There is more space between the atoms of the wood than the atoms of the gold. Liquids Liquids do not hold their shape at room temperature. There is space between the atoms of a liquid and they move slightly all of the time. This allows you to stick your finger into water and pull it back out, letting the water fill back in where your finger once was. But when walking through the water in the swimming pool, you have to push the water out of the way ‐ this means that you feel the heaviness of the water. Liquids flow or pour and can take on the shape of a container. If the liquid is poured into a wider or narrower container, the liquid will take on that new shape. Liquids are affected by gravity. If you pour only half a cup of milk, the top half of the container would have no milk. Liquids cannot be handed to another person well without the container. Examples (liquids): water, milk, blood, urine, gasoline, mercury (an element), bromine (an element), wine, rubbing alcohol, honey, coffee Examples (solid):
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Gases not only do not hold their shape at room temperature, they don't even stay put. Gases are always moving. There is so much space between the atoms in gas that you can move around in them easily. When you walk from one side of the room to the other, you have walked through a bunch of gases that make up our air. You barely even know they are there. Gases will take on the shape of their container and can be compressed into a smaller space. Like when we compress air into a balloon ‐ it fills out the balloon shape. Gases will fill up the space too. You don't see only half of the balloon filled with air ‐ the air is not as influenced by gravity as a liquid or a solid would be.
Examples (gas): Air, helium, nitrogen, Freon, carbon dioxide, water vapor, hydrogen, natural gas, propane, oxygen, ozone, hydrogen sulfide |
NOTE!!!!: VISIT www.classmarker.com to do the quiz on the three states of matter
Osmosis and diffusion
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Research:
What is a hypotonic solution? What is an isotonic solution? What is a hypertonic solution? |
Diffusion:
Diffusion: is the movement of particles from a higher concentration (where there are many) to a lower concentration (where there are fewer). For example, when you open a bottle of perfume on one side of a room eventually everyone in the room smells it. What do you think happens when the perfume bottle is opened? All matter is made up of particles. When the perfume is in the bottle it is a liquid and the particles are contained. But when you open the bottle the particles escape and move about very quickly as a gas since the liquid has now become a vapor. This is how the scent fills the room so quickly. Tiny particles, especially gas particles, have a lot of energy and move about in a random or haphazard manner. This is called Brownian motion. Have you ever seen dust particles in the beam of a flashlight or car headlight? They are moving around quite haphazardly. If you have not you can try it and observe Brownian motion. The invisible air molecules are moving around and hitting the dust particles, bouncing them around. |
Assignment #2
Finish the work sheet above and email it to [email protected]
Forum #5 on your right
Changing states of matter
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Freezing is the change that occurs when a liquid changes into a solid as the temperature decreases.
Melting is the opposite change, from a solid to a liquid as the temperature increases. When a solid is heated or the temperature is increased the particles gain energy and begin to move about more quickly. This causes them to break apart and start to flow, forming a liquid. This is called melting. Melting is an important process. It is used in many different places, both at home and in industry. For example we melt sugar when cooking stewed meat. The solid sugar crystals melt with the heat of the stove and when the meat is thrown in, the liquid sugar causes the meat to change to dark brown color. If a liquid is cooled or the temperature decreases, the particles lose energy and slow down. They begin to stick together in a fixed pattern forming a solid. |
Condensation and Evaporation
When a liquid is heated or its temperature is increased, it will eventually start to boil and vaporize (form a gas). This happens because the particles gain a lot of energy and move around faster. At the boiling point particles in liquid have enough energy to break free and form a gas. However, if we take a gas and cool it, it will turn back into a liquid, this is called condensation. The gas particles lose energy, when they are cooled and cannot move about as freely as before. When liquids are exposed to the air in a warm place the surface particles gain energy and escape into the air as a vapor. This is called evaporation. It has the same result as boiling but is a much slower process. It explains why puddles slowly dry up after a rainstorm when the sun comes out again. |
What Is Sublimation?
Sublimation is another phase transitions; in this case, we have a solid turning directly into a gas. As a sublimating material changes from a solid to a gas, it never passes through the liquid state. This image shows water in its three forms: ice, water, and steam. Sublimation is just one of the ways water or another substance can change between its potential phases. Some substances change from a solid directly into a gas without passing through the liquid state. This is called sublimation. Dry ice is a solid carbon dioxide. Dry ice has a sublimation point of -78C. This is very cold. Is it colder than the freezing compartment of a refrigerator? Find out. Precaution: dry ice is very cold and it can burn your skin, it should never be handled without the proper equipment and supervision. Why do you think they use ‘dry ice’ instead of regular ice to keep the ice cream cold? All these changes of state are called physical changes. They are easily reversible and no new chemicals are formed unlike the burning of a piece of paper, which is a chemical change. It would be very hard to get back the paper after you have burned it. |
Everyday changes in states of matter
Research examples of changes of state and comment below.
Examples of Gas to Solid (Deposition)
Examples of Gas to Liquid (Condensation)
Two Examples of Water vapor to liquid water -
Two Examples of Liquid to Gas (Vaporization)
Examples of Liquid to Solid Phase Transition (Freezing)
Two Examples of Solid to Liquid (Melting)
Examples of Solid to Gas (Sublimation)
Examples of Gas to Liquid (Condensation)
Two Examples of Water vapor to liquid water -
Two Examples of Liquid to Gas (Vaporization)
Examples of Liquid to Solid Phase Transition (Freezing)
Two Examples of Solid to Liquid (Melting)
Examples of Solid to Gas (Sublimation)
Forum# 6
Test on States of matter: Class marker.com
Water Cycle
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Forum 7
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Forum #8
Research two ways in which humans INTERFERE with the water cycle.
Importance of water
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Forum #9
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Forum # 10
Research methods of WATER CONSERVATION
Properties of water
Water pollution
Domestic Pollution is the pollution caused to the earth by domestic use.
· Sewage originating primarily from kitchen, bathroom, and laundry sources. · Waste from food preparation, dishwashing, garbage, toilets, baths, showers, and sinks, etc. Industrial pollution Industry is a huge source of water pollution, it produces pollutants that are extremely harmful to people and the environment. Many industrial facilities use freshwater to carry away waste from the plant and into rivers, lakes and oceans. Pollutants from industrial sources include: asbestos, lead, mercury, nitrates, phosphates, sulfur , oils and Petrochemicals |
Explain what is going on the picture below; Forum #11
Effects of Deforestation on aquatic life
With deforestation, this hydraulic regulation is destroyed and reduces the absorption capacity. Therefore, rain continues to fall just as much after the trees are cut, but it floods the ground and streams down to a nearby river. While streaming down, it brings an important amount of mud, which can be extremely destructive, and fills up the river with it. The river loses his depth and expands in width when ground elements are deposited in the bottom, which floods part of the surrounding.
Also, the water becomes unsafe for drinking because of the accumulation of mud which reduces the amount of drinkable water available for humans and animals. Deforestation leads later on to desertification, which is the case for some parts of Africa. Rain and drinkable water are becoming scarcer. Effects of Oil on the Ocean |
Test on water:
https://www.classmarker.com/
7 characteristics of a living thing.
Food Chain or Food Web
Food webs connect many different food chains, and many different trophic levels ( producers, consumer, decomposers). Food webs can support food chains that are long and complicated, or very short.
For example, grass in a forest clearing produces its own food through photosynthesis. A rabbit eats the grass. A fox eats the rabbit. When the fox dies, decomposers such as worms and mushrooms break down its body, returning it to the soil where it provides nutrients for plants like grass. A food web consists of all the food chains in a single ecosystem. Each living thing in an ecosystem is part of multiple food chains. Each food chain is one possible path that energy and nutrients may take as they move through the ecosystem. All of the interconnected and overlapping food chains in an ecosystem make up a food web. Trophic Levels Organisms in food webs are grouped into categories called trophic levels. Roughly speaking, these levels are divided into producers (first trophic level),consumers, and decomposers (last trophic level). Producers Producers make up the first trophic level. Producers, also known as autotrophs, make their own food and do not depend on any other organism for nutrition. Most autotrophs use a process called photosynthesis to create food (a nutrient called glucose) from sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water. Plants are the most familiar type of autotroph, but there are many other kinds. Algae, whose larger forms are known as seaweed, are autotrophic. Phytoplankton, tiny organisms that live in the ocean, are also autotrophs. Some types of bacteria are autotrophs. For example, bacteria living in active volcanoes use sulfur, not carbon dioxide, to produce their own food. This process is called chemosynthesis. Consumers The next trophic levels are made up of animals that eat producers. These organisms are called consumers. Primary consumers are herbivores. Herbivores eat plants, algae, and other producers. They are at the second trophic level. In a grassland ecosystem, deer, mice, and even elephants are herbivores. They eat grasses, shrubs, and trees. In a desert ecosystem, a mouse that eats seeds and fruits is a primary consumer. |
Forum#13
Cells: Plant cell
Animal Cell
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cell_theories.pdf | |
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leaf_structure_and_function.pdf | |
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fertilization_in_plants.pdf | |
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Reproduction in humans
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sexual_reproduction_in_humans.pdf | |
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reproduction_multiple_choice.pdf | |
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True or False
Read the following statements hence state whether it is True (T) or False (F).
(1pt each)
1. Spermatozoa can live for 3 to 4 days in the body of the female after ejaculation.
2. Fertilization takes place in the fallopian tube.
3. The eggs in females are produced during development of the child in the womb.
4. The energy producing structure of the sperm cell is the acrosome.
5. The egg is produced in the uterus.
6. Copulation is when two come together intimately during intercourse.
7. The hormone that helps in the production of spermatozoa is progesterone.
8. The egg contains energy storage molecule in its tail.
9. The Hormone that promotes contraction of the uterus during labor is oxytocin.
10. Prenatal care is the care of the child after birth.
Read the following statements hence state whether it is True (T) or False (F).
(1pt each)
1. Spermatozoa can live for 3 to 4 days in the body of the female after ejaculation.
2. Fertilization takes place in the fallopian tube.
3. The eggs in females are produced during development of the child in the womb.
4. The energy producing structure of the sperm cell is the acrosome.
5. The egg is produced in the uterus.
6. Copulation is when two come together intimately during intercourse.
7. The hormone that helps in the production of spermatozoa is progesterone.
8. The egg contains energy storage molecule in its tail.
9. The Hormone that promotes contraction of the uterus during labor is oxytocin.
10. Prenatal care is the care of the child after birth.
Name the process involving the fusion of gametes and what is produced. (2pts)
State TWO advantages and TWO disadvantages of sexual reproduction. (4pts)
Name all the parts where the sperm passes and is mixed with fluids to make semen and what they contain which is necessary for the sperm. (3pts)
Compare the structure of the egg and the sperm and state THREE main characteristics of each describing their importance and/or function. (6pts)
What is the purpose of the mucus plug covering the cervix and what is the role it plays during pregnancy. (3pts)
Name TWO substances passing from the mother to the fetus and TWO substances passing from the fetus to the mother. (4pts)
What TWO signs indicate that childbirth will shortly occur? What process expels the baby at birth? (3pts)
Explain TWO things that happen immediately after the child is born? (2pts)
State TWO advantages and TWO disadvantages of sexual reproduction. (4pts)
Name all the parts where the sperm passes and is mixed with fluids to make semen and what they contain which is necessary for the sperm. (3pts)
Compare the structure of the egg and the sperm and state THREE main characteristics of each describing their importance and/or function. (6pts)
What is the purpose of the mucus plug covering the cervix and what is the role it plays during pregnancy. (3pts)
Name TWO substances passing from the mother to the fetus and TWO substances passing from the fetus to the mother. (4pts)
What TWO signs indicate that childbirth will shortly occur? What process expels the baby at birth? (3pts)
Explain TWO things that happen immediately after the child is born? (2pts)
Energy |
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energy_transformation.pdf | |
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renewable_and_non_renewable_energy.pdf | |
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