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https://www.classmarker.com/online-test/start/?quiz=m7v5a748abe6cc29
Day 1 Multi cellular
Introduction: Provided with a diagram of a unicellular organism (amoeba) and a multicellular organism (human).
why is it that small organisms do not need a transport system but large organisms do?”.
why is it that small organisms do not need a transport system but large organisms do?”.
Explanation:
- In small animals diffusion is sufficient example in amoeba cell to get all its life requirements, because the organism has a very large surface area to volume ratio. The surface area is large enough that diffusion of gases across the surfaces provides all the cell’s needs. (doesn’t need to travel large distances).
- Some multi-cellular organisms like flat worms and sea anemones (cnidarians) do not need an internal transport system because they have a large surface area to volume ration and cells can get everything they need by diffusion.
- Large organisms, however, have a small surface area to volume ratio and they cannot survive without a transport system to move things into and out of cells.
- Large organisms are protected by skin, hair, scales and shells that do not act as semi-permeable membranes to allow diffusion to take place.
- Diffusion is not efficient enough or fast enough to allow substances to move through your body and reach all your cells quickly enough for them to survive. This is why the circulatory system comes into play.
- Useful substances: oxygen, water, digested food, e.g. glucose and amino acids, vitamins, minerals, hormones, antibodies, plasma proteins and heat in animals; and manufactured food, water and mineral salts in plants.
- Waste substances: carbon dioxide and nitrogenous waste, e.g. urea in animals.
Complete the following:
Day 2: Components of blood
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Fill in the blanks:
Blood makes up about ______ of our body weight. Some of the jobs included is that it transport ________ to each cell. Removes waste products like ________ __________. Helps regulate your _________. Helps to fight diseases and transport __________ such as sugars, fats, proteins, amino acids and hormones. Placing blood in a ___________ will help separate blood into its components. ______% of blood will be red blood cells, 1% will be _______ __________ _______ and 55% will be __________. Red blood cells also known as ______________. Contains a protein called _______________ carries oxygen. They also remove carbon dioxide from the body. Red blood cells are made in the _______. They live for around ________ days. White blood cells also called ______________ are an important part of the immune system. These cells help to fight off infections by attacking ___________, virues and germs. White blood cells originate in the born marrow but circulate around the ________. There are five major types of white blood cells, Monocytes, Eosinophil, Basophil, _____________ and Neutrophil. Plasma is the _________ portion of the blood. It is 95% water but contains __________, electrolytes and hormones. Platelets tiny blood cells help in _________ _________. |
Immunity:
Explain what is happening under the diagram below?
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Use the video to create a table between Natural and artificial immunity
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EXTENDED ACTIVITY
Alicia contracted chicken pox when she was a child and her son John recently contracted the disease. Explain fully how Alicia remained healthy despite her close contact with John throughout his illness
Alicia contracted chicken pox when she was a child and her son John recently contracted the disease. Explain fully how Alicia remained healthy despite her close contact with John throughout his illness
Answer the following:
1. Explain why a monkey has a well-developed transport system, but an amoeba lacks any form of a transport system in its body? 2 pts
2. By means of TWO labelled and annotated diagrams, give THREE differences between the structure of a red blood cell and a phagocyte. 5pts
3. State the function of a red blood cell and a phagocyte. 2pts
4. Explain how the loss of blood at a cut is prevented. 3pts
5. Lorena contracted chicken pox when she was a child and her son John recently contracted the disease. Explain fully how Lorena remained healthy despite her close contact with john throughout his illness. 3pts
1. Explain why a monkey has a well-developed transport system, but an amoeba lacks any form of a transport system in its body? 2 pts
2. By means of TWO labelled and annotated diagrams, give THREE differences between the structure of a red blood cell and a phagocyte. 5pts
3. State the function of a red blood cell and a phagocyte. 2pts
4. Explain how the loss of blood at a cut is prevented. 3pts
5. Lorena contracted chicken pox when she was a child and her son John recently contracted the disease. Explain fully how Lorena remained healthy despite her close contact with john throughout his illness. 3pts
Blood clotting: The importance of platelets
The skin is cut, platelets on exposure to air, release an enzyme called thromboplastin. Thromboplastin, with the help of calcium ions and Vitamin K in the blood , starts a series of chemical reactions that finally change the soluble plasma protein called fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin. Fibrin forms a network of fibres across the cut that trap blood cells and form a clot. The clot prevents further blood loss and pathogen from entering.
Forum #1
In your OWN word explain how the loss of blood at a cut is prevented (include a reference of a book or a website) WARNING DO NOT USE WIKIPEDIA. 5pts.
Name the four different blood groups
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Fill in the blanks:
All cells in the body are covered in ____________. Are special marker proteins that function like _________ _________. When the immune system detects antigens that are not from your body they produce ____________. They mark the foreign particles for termination. There are ______ of antigens that form in our red blood cells called ________________. They activate antibodies that smother invaders and causes coagulation in the blood. The two types could be given the letters _______ and _______ . You can have Antigen A, B , Both or None. Having Antigen A gives you _______ Antibodies. The Rhesus Factor antigen if present means you have a Rhesus factor positive Rh+ and if you don’t you are Rh _________. What antibodies Can AB accept ______, ______, ______ and _______. What antibodies O can accept: _______. Positive blood types can accept __________ or ___________. But Negative blood types can accept only _________. |
Blood Vessels
Forum #2
Answer: State three differences between the structure of an artery and a vein and provide reason for EACH difference. 5pts
The heart
Read page 79 -81 The heart, cardiac cycle and circulation
Circulation: two types
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What is pulmonary circulation?
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Research: why is double circulation necessary?
Pathway of blood around the body
Example a red blood cell starting in the left ventricle and returning to that chamber after passing through the intestines would take the following pathway:
Left ventricle --------> Aorta --------> mesentric artery -----> intestine------>hepatic portal vein----> Liver----> hepatic vein---:> posterior venacava --->right atrium
continues:
Right atrium ----.> right ventricle ----> pulmonary artery----> lungs-----> pulmonary vein-----> left atrium -----> left ventricle
Left ventricle --------> Aorta --------> mesentric artery -----> intestine------>hepatic portal vein----> Liver----> hepatic vein---:> posterior venacava --->right atrium
continues:
Right atrium ----.> right ventricle ----> pulmonary artery----> lungs-----> pulmonary vein-----> left atrium -----> left ventricle
Transport system in flowering plants
Describe how water is moved specifically from the roots to the shoots of the plant?
Describe how food is moved around the plant?
Forum #3
Transverse section through a root of a dicotyledon showing arrangement of xylem and phloem
Root hair: extension of a single epidermal cell
Cortex: Packing tissue composed of spherical, specialized cells Endodermis: Single layer of cells Epidermis: Single layer of cells Vascular cambium: constantly dividing cells between the xylem and phloem. Forms xylem on the inside and phloem on the outside. |
Pith: composed of loosley packed spherical, unspecialised cells.
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Annual ring: tells the years of the tree.
Xylem: formed from dividing cells in the vascular cambium Bark: a water proof layer composed of cork cells. Cork cambium: constantly dividing cells below the bark, forms cork cells to the outside. |
Movement of water though a flowering plant
![Picture](/uploads/2/6/5/7/26574895/published/xylem.jpg?1562342202)
Xylem vessels are long, narrow, hollow tubes that are NON- LIVING and are formed from columns of elongated cells. The contents of of the cells die, the cross walls between adjacent cells in each column breakdown and the cellulose walls of the vessels become thickened and lignin in rings, spirals or net-like pattern.
Being long, narrow and hallow with no cross walls, water can flow continuously through xylem vessels. The lignin is tough and strong so xylem vessels also help support the plant. Wood is almost entirely composed of lignified xylem vessels.
Being long, narrow and hallow with no cross walls, water can flow continuously through xylem vessels. The lignin is tough and strong so xylem vessels also help support the plant. Wood is almost entirely composed of lignified xylem vessels.
Forum #4
Water moves through a flowering plant by a combination of
- Root pressure - transpiration - capillarity.
on the comment section explain how these processes help in water transfer.
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Answer as rapid transpiration OR slow transpiration.
Stomata OPEN when the guard cells are TURGID which results in ________ transpiration When Stomata is almost close when the guard cells are flaccid resulting in __________ transpiration. |
Environmental conditions affecting the rate of transpiration
If the water supply in the soil is plentiful, the rate of transpiration is controlled by the interaction of different environmental conditions that affect the rate of evaporation and diffusion.
RESEARCH: the four major environmental conditions that affect transpiration.
- Temperature - Humidity - windspeed - light intensity
include a SUMMARY ON FOUR REASONS WHY TRANSPIRATION IS IMPORTANT
Indicate for each when it is HIGH and Low; example what is transpiration like when high temperatures compared to low temperatures.
Email work to: [email protected] LABEL SUBJECT FOR EMAIL AS: ABIOTIC FACTORS FOR TRANSPIRATION
20 pts
RESEARCH: the four major environmental conditions that affect transpiration.
- Temperature - Humidity - windspeed - light intensity
include a SUMMARY ON FOUR REASONS WHY TRANSPIRATION IS IMPORTANT
Indicate for each when it is HIGH and Low; example what is transpiration like when high temperatures compared to low temperatures.
Email work to: [email protected] LABEL SUBJECT FOR EMAIL AS: ABIOTIC FACTORS FOR TRANSPIRATION
20 pts
Water conservation in plants
In addition to stomata almost closing when water supplies in the soil are low, terrestrial plants have developed other ADAPTATIONS to help conserve water, especially those living in dry regions ( xerophytes) e.g deserts or regions of high salinity (halophytes) e.g coastal regions. Many adaptations conserve water by reducing transpiration.
RESEARCH : Methods in which plants conserve water by 8 pts
A: reducing the rate of transpiration ( name 4 adaptations)
B: Storing water ( name two)
C: increasing the uptake of water. ( name two)
Forum #5
RESEARCH : Methods in which plants conserve water by 8 pts
A: reducing the rate of transpiration ( name 4 adaptations)
B: Storing water ( name two)
C: increasing the uptake of water. ( name two)
Forum #5
Movement of organic food through a flowering plant
Explain in your own words the pressure flow hypothesis 5pts.
Movement of mineral salts through a flowering plant
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Mineral salts are absorbed by roots in the form of ions. The ions are dissolved in the water in the soil and are absorbed by the root hairs against a concentration gradient by active transport.
The ions then move through the cortex cells and into the xylem vessels dissolved int he moving water and are carried throughout the plant dissolved in the water in the xylem vessels. |
Storage of food in living organisms
Food is not needed immediately is stored in living organisms for future use. Food storage is important.
1. it overcome the need for continuous food intake in heterotrophs and continuous food manufacture in autotrophs ( no need to eat or make food all the time) 2. Provides food reserves for periods of food scarcity in heterotrophs e.g. during the winter in temperture climates and periods when food manufacure cannot occur in autotrophs, e.g during a drought or when temperatures are very low. This enables animal to hibernate and plants to survive through the dry season or winter months. 3. To provide food reserves for special functions e.g. the production of sexual or vegetative reproductive structures and the development of embryos. The seeds of plants and eggs of many animals store food for use by the embryos as they grow, and new plants use stored food as they develop from vegetative organs. Soluble food substances e.g. glucose, amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol, are usually condensed to insoluble substances, e.g starch, glycogen, protein and lipid, to be stored. These insoluble substances do not interfere with osmosis and other cellular processes and can be hydrolysed to soluble substances when required. |
Storage of food in animals
Animals store mainly glycogen and fat. They do NOT STORE! protein!
1. Storage in adipose tissue. Excess fat is stored in fat cells found adipose tissue under the skin and around organs. Excess glucose can also be converted to fat and stored. |
2. Storage in the liver. the liver stores:
- Glycogen which is formed by condensation of excess glucose in the blood. - Vitamin A, B12 and D - Iron which is formed from the breakdown of haemoglobin in red blood cells. |
3. storage in skeletal muscle: Skeletal muscles stores glycogen formerd by condensation of excess glucose in the blood. The muscle cells can then convert this back to glucose for use in respiration to provide energy when necessary, e.g. During exercise.
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Storage of food in plants
Food can be stored in roots, stems, leaves, fruits and seeds. The phloem sieve tubes transport sugars, made in photosynthesis, to these structures where they are stored, or are converted to starch, oils or proteins and stored.
1. Storage in vegetative organs. Vegetative organs are underground structures that are swollen with food at the end of the growing season. They allow the plant to survive through the unfavourable season, e.g. the dry season or winter, and to grow rapidly, using stored food, at the beginning of the favourable season, e.g the rainy season or summer. They can act as a means of asexual reproduction since several new plants can grow from one organ.
A. STEMS
stem tubers: Yam and English potato, Rhizomes: Ginger
Corms: Eddo
stem tubers: Yam and English potato, Rhizomes: Ginger
Corms: Eddo
NOTE: THE MAIN FOOD STORED IS STARCH
2. Storage in tap-roots: single vertical roots, Store starch e.g turnip OR sugars e.g carrot and sugar beet
3. Storage in succulent fruits: store mainly sugars. Mango and paw-paw. Some store starch. e.g Bread fruit.
Avocado and olive store Oil.
Stored food attracts animals and helps disperse seeds.
4. Storage in seeds: cotyledons and endosperm of seeds store starch, e.g rice and wheat. Protein e.g peas and beans, Oil e.g nuts. This store food is then used when seeds germinate.
5. Storage in stems: sugar cane store sucrose in the vacuoles of their cells. Succulent plants store water e.g Cacti
6. Storage in leaves. Succulent plants store water in their cells. e.g Aloe
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answers_for_plant_transport_worksheet.pdf | |
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Excretory system
Excretion is the process b which waste and harmful substances, produced by chemical reactions occurring inside body cells i.e. the body's metabolism are removed from the body.
Note DO NOT confuse! EXCRETION with EGESTION
Egestion is the removal of undigested dietary fiber and other materials from the body as faeces.
Forum #6
Name three products excreted by plants
Cannot use this as your answer for the above.
Take note: Organic waste products such as tannins, alkaloids, anthocyanins and salts of organic acids such as calcium oxalate are excreted by plants.
Mechanisms of excretion in plants
Plants, unlike animals, do not have any specialized excretory organs.
- Oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapour diffuses out through the stomata of leaves and lenticels of barked- covered stems and roots.
- Organic waste products can be stored in dead, permanent tissue. e.g heart wood. They can also be converted to insoluble substances such as oils or insoluble crystals e.g excess calcium ions combine with waste product, oxalic acid to form oxalate crystals. Do not affect osmotic pressure and metabolic processes in cells. It can be stored in cells of leaves, bark, petals , fruits and seeds. They are removed when the PLANT sheds.
Forum #7
Research two plants that excrete and store calcium oxalate crystals.
Product excreted by animals ( products of metabolism)
- Carbon dioxide and water produced in respiration
- Nitrogenous compounds are produced by demination of amino acids in the LIVER e.g Urea, ammonia which is very toxic and uric acid which is the least toxic.
- Bile pigments e.g bilirubin are produced by the break down of haemoglobin from red blood cells in the liver.
- Heat is produced in general metabolism
Forum #8
Excretory organs in humans include:
- Kidneys - Lungs - Skin - Liver
Comment below on the products each ORGAN above excretes.
The kidneys and excretion in humans
Complete the Following and send through email (10pts) - [email protected]
Humans have ____kidneys that form part of the ________ system. Each kidney is divided into ______ regions: an outer layer called the ________, an inner region called the __________, and a central hollow region called the ________. A ________ artery carries blood to each kidney and a ________ vein carries blood away.
Each kidney is composed of thousands of kidney tubules or n.............. that produce urine. Each nephron begins with a cup shaped _________ capsule in the cortex which surrounds an interwined cluster of capillaries called a ________.
After the Bowman's capsule each nephron is divided into three sections:
- the first _________ ( coiled) tubule in the cortex
- the _____ of ________ in the medulla
- The second ________ ( coiled) tubule in the cortex
An arteriole, which branches from the renal artery, leads into each __________. Each __________ has a network of ________ capillaries wrapped around it which leads from the glomerulus and joins into a venule which leads into renal vein. Nephrons join into ___________ ducts in the cortex and thee ducts lead through he medulla and out into the pelvis.
The kidney
Bowman's capsule: cup-shaped structure around the glomerulus.
Glomerulus: cluster of capillaries at the end of an arteriole.
Medulla: inner region
Pyramid: inner part of the medulla
Pelvis: hollow region
Cortex outer region.
Glomerulus: cluster of capillaries at the end of an arteriole.
Medulla: inner region
Pyramid: inner part of the medulla
Pelvis: hollow region
Cortex outer region.
Nephron and urine formation
- Urine is produced in the nephrons by TWO processes:
--> Ultra filtration OR pressure filtration (same thing)
--> Selective reabsorption.
Three steps to make urine:
1.Ultra filtration occurs in the glomeruli. The diameter of the capillary entering each glomerulus from an arteriole decreases causing the pressure of the blood to increase. Small molecules are forced from the blood into Bowman's capsule forming Filtrate. Filtrate contains glucose, amino acids, hormones, vitamins, water, salts and urea. Blood cells and large molecules, e.g plasma proteins, remain in the blood.
2.Selective reabsorption: occurs in the nephrons. USEFUL substances are reabsorbed from the filtrate back into the blood travelling through the capillaries wrapped around each nephron.
- Glucose, amino acids, hormones, vitamins, some water and some salts are reabsorbed in the first convulated tubule.
- some water is reabsorbed in the loop of henle
- some salts and some water are reabsorbed in the second convulated tubule.
3. Filtrate containing urea, excess water and excess salts enters the collecting ducts where some water can be reabsorbed from it by osmosis. The filtrate now called URINE, travels down the collecting duct to the ureter and then to the bladder where it is stored.
1.Ultra filtration occurs in the glomeruli. The diameter of the capillary entering each glomerulus from an arteriole decreases causing the pressure of the blood to increase. Small molecules are forced from the blood into Bowman's capsule forming Filtrate. Filtrate contains glucose, amino acids, hormones, vitamins, water, salts and urea. Blood cells and large molecules, e.g plasma proteins, remain in the blood.
2.Selective reabsorption: occurs in the nephrons. USEFUL substances are reabsorbed from the filtrate back into the blood travelling through the capillaries wrapped around each nephron.
- Glucose, amino acids, hormones, vitamins, some water and some salts are reabsorbed in the first convulated tubule.
- some water is reabsorbed in the loop of henle
- some salts and some water are reabsorbed in the second convulated tubule.
3. Filtrate containing urea, excess water and excess salts enters the collecting ducts where some water can be reabsorbed from it by osmosis. The filtrate now called URINE, travels down the collecting duct to the ureter and then to the bladder where it is stored.
Osmoregulation in human
Osmoregulation is the regulation of the concentration of blood plasma and body fluids. It is essential to prevent water moving into and out of the body cells unnecessarily.
- If the body fluids become too dilue (pure water), water enters body cells by osmosis. The cells swell and may burst.
- If the body fluids become too concentrated ( more sugar, more salt), water leaves the body cells by osmosis. The cells shrink and the body becomes DEHYDRATED. If too much water leaves cells, metabolic reactions cannot take place and cells die.
How is water gain and loss by human body: name two for each. ( gain and loss)
Forum #9
The kidneys and osmoregulation
The kidneys regulated the concentration of body fluids by controlling how much water is reabsorbed into the blood plasma during SELECTIVE REABSORPTION. this determines how much water is lost in urine.
Forum#10
Research what is anti-duiretic hormone (ADH)
and explain what happens when:
A. If body fluids become too concentrated?
B. IF body fluids become too dilute?
Include words such as : ADH, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, permeable, collecting ducts, concentrated, dilute, homeostasis in your explanation.
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Kidney failure
When the kidney failure occurs the nephrons stop functioning properly so that they are unable to remove waste from the blood and regulate the volume and composition of blood plasma and body fluids. harmful waste, especially urea, builds up in the blood and can reach toxic levels resulting in death. Kidney failure can be treated by a kidney transplant or dialysis |
Dialysis:
During dialysis blood from the vein, usually in the arm, flows through a dialysis machine and is then returned to the body. In the machine, the blood is separated from dialysis fluid by a partially permeable membrane. Waste products, mainly urea, pass from the blood into the dialysis fluid together with excess water and excess salts. In this way, waste from the blood is removed and then volume and composition of the blood plasma and body fluids are regulated. Dialysis must occur at regular intervals; most people require three sessions a week, each lasting 4 hours. |
Questions: Email to [email protected]
1. The kidneys are very important organs involved in the removal of toxic substances which, if allowed to accumulate in the body, could be fatal.
a. the body offers some physical protection of its internal organs. How are the kidney’s protected? (2pts)
b. Suggest two ways the kidneys may be damaged. (2pts)
c. Describe how a dialysis machine works to cleanse blood during kidney failure ( 4pts)
d. Suggest Two ways the kidney may be damaged. (2pts).
Part 4: Short essay- ANSWER ONE question. 15pts
3. Fully describe the process of osmoregulation that occurs in the body of an individual after he undergoes strenuous exercise and also after he drinks large volumes of water. (15pts)
OR
4. I. With the aid of a fully annotated diagram of the kidney (uniferous tubule), explain how urine is produced and gets to the bladder. 6 pts
ii. suggest why urine production is important in humans. (2 marks)
b. Members of a Boy scout troop were advised by their leader to take water with them on their hike into the mountains. One boy decided to drink a large quantity of water before leaving on the hike Explain how his body functions to deal with the excess water. ( 3 marks).
C. One lesson taught to the Boy scouts troop on their hike was that the plants along the trail were adapted to conserve water. Suggest Two reasons why the plants observed growing along the trail had mechanisms to reduce water loss. ( 4 marks).
Movement
Movement is a change in the position of a whole organism or of parts of an organism
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Humans have an endoskeleton that lies inside the body, surrounded by muscles. The skeleton is held together at joints by tough elastic ligaments and is made from bone and cartilage.
Bone: is composed of living cells surrounded by the non-living mineral, caclium hydroxyapatite , together with some collagen (protein) fibres. Blood vessels run throughout bone. Cartilage is composed of living cells surrounded mainly by collagen fibers, which make it more elastic than bone. |
Skeletal system: Axial and Appendicular
Axial skeleton: Consists of Skull, Vertebral Column, ribs and sternum.
- Skull is made up of the ________ and upper jaw which are fused and the lower jaw which articulates with the upper jaw. The skull protects the brain and the sense organs of the head.
- The Vertebral column is composed of ______ bones known as ________. The column supports the body, provides points of attachment for the girdles and many muscles, and protects the _______________ that runs through it. It also allows some movement.
- Ribs are attached to the vertebral column dorsally and the ____________ ventrally. They form a curved, boney cage that protects the _______ and lungs and movement of the ribs is essential for breathing.
Appendicular skeleton: composed of the pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, arms (forelimbs) and legs (hindlimbs). Both arms and legs are built on the same basic pattern known as the pedactyl limb.
- What is the function of the Girdles?
- Describe the limbs?
- Give the scientific name of the following bones:
---ankle bones, foot bones, toe bones, finger bones, hand bones, wrist bones, leg ( consist of three parts), arm ( consist of three parts) Skull ( three parts), Pectoral girdle ( three parts).
Three main types of joints
Test on Skeletal system closes next week.
https://www.classmarker.com/online-test/start/?quiz=njg5d28b71280f88
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skeletal_system.pdf | |
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Nervous system
All living organisms must be able to RESPOND to change in their environment to help them survive. Animals can respond quickly to these changes whereas the response of plants are generally much slower.
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Forum #13
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Response of green plants to stimuli
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Growth movements
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Response of invertebrates
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Woodlice choose moist environment than dry environment. |
Research: response of invertebrates in:
Light Moisture Temperature Chemicals Touch
also indicate how the response aids in survival.
Send work through email.
Sem 2 2019
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coordination_and_response_2019.pdf | |
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the_brain.pdf | |
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FORUM #14
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The Brain
Physiological effects of drug abuse.
Research the effects of the following:
Introduction: define a drug and drug abuse.
1. Abuse of alcohol
- what type of drug it is
- What are 3 examples?
- List 4 short term effects and 4 long term effects.
- Provide TWO pictures, one of a short term and one of a long term.
2. Abuse of cocaine
- What type of drug?
- three Examples?
- where is it cultivated?
- name 5 effects of cocaine.
3. Abuse of prescription drugs.
- Find three effects for each: Tranquilisers, Diet pills and Antibiotics.
- Find three examples for each above.
Conclusion: In your own words write the social and economic effects of drug abuse. Include at least three effects for each ( social and economic)
25pts: email to [email protected]
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endocrine_system.pdf | |
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Darwin's theory on phototropism
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tropism_and_coleoptile.pdf | |
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nervous_system_test_questions_practice.pdf | |
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growth.pdf | |
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Readings for Reproduction
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sexual_reporduction_in_man_and_plants.pdf | |
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Investigated project Criteria:
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ai_investigated_criteria_project_4a.pdf | |
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example_1_ip_section_a_and_b_example.pdf | |
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example_2_ip_section_a_and_b_example.pdf | |
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Sexual reproduction in man and contraceptives
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sexual_reproduction_in_man.pdf | |
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Science fair rubric
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science_fair_rubric_2019.pdf | |
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reproduction_multiple_choice.pdf | |
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True or False
Read the following statements hence state whether it is True (T) or False (F).
(1pt each)
1. Spermatozoa can live for 3 to 4 days in the body of the female after ejaculation.
2. Fertilization takes place in the fallopian tube.
3. The eggs in females are produced during development of the child in the womb.
4. The energy producing structure of the sperm cell is the acrosome.
5. The egg is produced in the uterus.
6. Copulation is when two come together intimately during intercourse.
7. The hormone that helps in the production of spermatozoa is progesterone.
8. The egg contains energy storage molecule in its tail.
9. The Hormone that promotes contraction of the uterus during labor is oxytocin.
10. Prenatal care is the care of the child after birth.
Read the following statements hence state whether it is True (T) or False (F).
(1pt each)
1. Spermatozoa can live for 3 to 4 days in the body of the female after ejaculation.
2. Fertilization takes place in the fallopian tube.
3. The eggs in females are produced during development of the child in the womb.
4. The energy producing structure of the sperm cell is the acrosome.
5. The egg is produced in the uterus.
6. Copulation is when two come together intimately during intercourse.
7. The hormone that helps in the production of spermatozoa is progesterone.
8. The egg contains energy storage molecule in its tail.
9. The Hormone that promotes contraction of the uterus during labor is oxytocin.
10. Prenatal care is the care of the child after birth.
Name the process involving the fusion of gametes and what is produced. (2pts)
State TWO advantages and TWO disadvantages of sexual reproduction. (4pts)
Name all the parts where the sperm passes and is mixed with fluids to make semen and what they contain which is necessary for the sperm. (3pts)
Compare the structure of the egg and the sperm and state THREE main characteristics of each describing their importance and/or function. (6pts)
What is the purpose of the mucus plug covering the cervix and what is the role it plays during pregnancy. (3pts)
Name TWO substances passing from the mother to the fetus and TWO substances passing from the fetus to the mother. (4pts)
What TWO signs indicate that childbirth will shortly occur? What process expels the baby at birth? (3pts)
Explain TWO things that happen immediately after the child is born? (2pts)
State TWO advantages and TWO disadvantages of sexual reproduction. (4pts)
Name all the parts where the sperm passes and is mixed with fluids to make semen and what they contain which is necessary for the sperm. (3pts)
Compare the structure of the egg and the sperm and state THREE main characteristics of each describing their importance and/or function. (6pts)
What is the purpose of the mucus plug covering the cervix and what is the role it plays during pregnancy. (3pts)
Name TWO substances passing from the mother to the fetus and TWO substances passing from the fetus to the mother. (4pts)
What TWO signs indicate that childbirth will shortly occur? What process expels the baby at birth? (3pts)
Explain TWO things that happen immediately after the child is born? (2pts)
Genetics readings
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chapter_16_inheritance_and_variation.pdf | |
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Research:
- Explain what is meant by: chromosome, chromatid, mitosis and cell division.
Describe what happens inside a cell before it can divide by mitosis
- Describe what happens to a chromosome during mitosis
- Describe what happens to a cell after mitosis is complete.
- Explain why human red blood cells do not live very long and why they cannot divide.
- Suggest why all the individuals in a clone are genetically identical but may not look alike
- Explain what is meant by: chromosome, chromatid, mitosis and cell division.
Describe what happens inside a cell before it can divide by mitosis
- Describe what happens to a chromosome during mitosis
- Describe what happens to a cell after mitosis is complete.
- Explain why human red blood cells do not live very long and why they cannot divide.
- Suggest why all the individuals in a clone are genetically identical but may not look alike
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meiosis.pdf | |
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Meiosis vs. Mitosis
1. Describe the purpose of mitosis cell regeneration, growth, and asexual reproduction
2. How many times does the cell divide during mitosis?
3. What kind of cells are produced at the end of mitosis? Diploid or haploid?
4. What are sister chromatids?
5. Briefly describe what happens during metaphase.
The microtubules of the spindle (white) have attached and the chromosomes have lined up on the metaphase plate. During anaphase (b), the sister chromatids are pulled apart and move toward opposite poles of the cell.
7. Briefly describe what happens during anaphase.
Each sister chromatid of a chromosome has spindle fibers attached to it. These spindle fibers begin to shorten and pull the sister chromatids apart at the centromere.
8. Briefly describe what happens during telophase.
Chromosome sets assemble at opposite poles, a nuclear envelope reforms around each set, and cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm) usually follows. The chromosomes assemble in sets at the two poles.
9. Is cytokinesis part of mitosis?
Technically is NOT considered part of mitosis. Cells in the cell cycle go through the phases interphase and mitosis. Throughout interphase there are checkpoints to make sure DNA is not damaged and this is a checkpoint.
10. Briefly describe what happens during cytokinesis.
The cytoplasm divides and daughter cells form.
11. Describe the purpose of meiosis production of gametes for sexual reproduction
12. How many times does the cell divide during Meiosis?
13. What kind of cells are produced at the end of meiosis? haploid or diploid??
14. Briefly describe the difference of prophase I & II.
Prophase I is the beginning phase of Meiosis I while Prophase II is the beginning phase of Meiosis II. There is a long interphase before Prophase I, whereas Prophase II occurs without an interphase. It directly goes from Telophase I to prophase II. The pairing of homologous chromosomes occurs in Prophase I, whereas such process cannot be seen in Prophase II. The process of crossing over and formation of “Chiasmata” is unique to Prophase I while it is not found in Prophase II. The exchange of genetic materials to produce different recombinants is also occurs in Prophase I, but it is not possible in Prophase II.
15. Briefly describe the difference of metaphase I & II.
Metaphase 1 has four homologous chromosomes lined up metaphase II has 2 lined up
16. Briefly describe the difference of anaphase I & II.
In anaphase I, the homologous chromosome will separate to the opposite pole. In anaphase II, the sister chromatids separate.
17. Briefly describe the difference of telophase I & II.
Telophase 1 has four new cells telophase II has 2 new cell
18. What would happen to cell division if a chemical was put in the cell that did not allow for cell division to occur?
Cell division would not occur and the cell/cells would more than likely die. If the cell continued to divide than a mutation could occur. (tumour)
1. Describe the purpose of mitosis cell regeneration, growth, and asexual reproduction
2. How many times does the cell divide during mitosis?
3. What kind of cells are produced at the end of mitosis? Diploid or haploid?
4. What are sister chromatids?
5. Briefly describe what happens during metaphase.
The microtubules of the spindle (white) have attached and the chromosomes have lined up on the metaphase plate. During anaphase (b), the sister chromatids are pulled apart and move toward opposite poles of the cell.
7. Briefly describe what happens during anaphase.
Each sister chromatid of a chromosome has spindle fibers attached to it. These spindle fibers begin to shorten and pull the sister chromatids apart at the centromere.
8. Briefly describe what happens during telophase.
Chromosome sets assemble at opposite poles, a nuclear envelope reforms around each set, and cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm) usually follows. The chromosomes assemble in sets at the two poles.
9. Is cytokinesis part of mitosis?
Technically is NOT considered part of mitosis. Cells in the cell cycle go through the phases interphase and mitosis. Throughout interphase there are checkpoints to make sure DNA is not damaged and this is a checkpoint.
10. Briefly describe what happens during cytokinesis.
The cytoplasm divides and daughter cells form.
11. Describe the purpose of meiosis production of gametes for sexual reproduction
12. How many times does the cell divide during Meiosis?
13. What kind of cells are produced at the end of meiosis? haploid or diploid??
14. Briefly describe the difference of prophase I & II.
Prophase I is the beginning phase of Meiosis I while Prophase II is the beginning phase of Meiosis II. There is a long interphase before Prophase I, whereas Prophase II occurs without an interphase. It directly goes from Telophase I to prophase II. The pairing of homologous chromosomes occurs in Prophase I, whereas such process cannot be seen in Prophase II. The process of crossing over and formation of “Chiasmata” is unique to Prophase I while it is not found in Prophase II. The exchange of genetic materials to produce different recombinants is also occurs in Prophase I, but it is not possible in Prophase II.
15. Briefly describe the difference of metaphase I & II.
Metaphase 1 has four homologous chromosomes lined up metaphase II has 2 lined up
16. Briefly describe the difference of anaphase I & II.
In anaphase I, the homologous chromosome will separate to the opposite pole. In anaphase II, the sister chromatids separate.
17. Briefly describe the difference of telophase I & II.
Telophase 1 has four new cells telophase II has 2 new cell
18. What would happen to cell division if a chemical was put in the cell that did not allow for cell division to occur?
Cell division would not occur and the cell/cells would more than likely die. If the cell continued to divide than a mutation could occur. (tumour)
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genetics_and_heredity.pdf | |
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Part A: Vocabulary Match the definitions on the left with the terms on the right.
1. genotypes made of the same alleles A. alleles 2. different forms of genes for a single trait B. dominant 3. gene that is always expressed C. heterozygous 4. gene that is expressed only in the homozygous state D. homozygous 5. genotypes made of two different alleles E. recessive Below each of the following words are choices. Circle the choices that are examples of each of those words. 6. Dominant allele D e k L N n R S 7. Recessive allele M n d F G r k P 8. Homozygous dominant AA Gg KK mm uu Rr TT 9. Homozygous recessive ee Ff HH Oo qq Uu ww 10. Genotypes in which dominant gene must show AA Dd EE ff Jj RR Ss 11. Genotypes in which recessive gene must show aa Gg Ff KK rr Oo Tt |
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Part C: Monohybrid Cross Problems - Show your work.
17. Hornless (H) in cattle is dominant over horned (h). A homozygous hornless bull is mated with a homozygous horned cow. What will be the genotype and phenotype of the first generation? P1 generation: F1 generation: 18. In tomatoes, red fruit (R) is dominant over yellow fruit (r). A plant that is homozygous for red fruit is crossed with a plant that has yellow fruit. What would be the genotypes and 3 phenotypes of the P1 and F1 generations? P1 generation: F1 generation: 19. If two of the F1 generation from the above cross were mated, what would be the genotypes and phenotypes of the F2? F1 : F2 : 20. In humans, being a tongue roller (R) is dominant over non-roller (r). A man who is a non-roller marries a woman who is heterozygous for tongue rolling. Father’s phenotype ________ Mother’s phenotype _________ Father’s genotype ________ Mother’s genotype _________ What is the probability of this couple having a child who is a tongue roller? ________ Draw a Punnet square. 21. Brown eyes in humans are dominant to blue eyes. A brown-eyed man, whose mother was blue-eyed, marries a brown-eyed woman whose father had blue eyes. What is the probability that this couple will have a blue-eyed child? _______ |
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chapter_17_species_selection_and_genetic_engineering.pdf | |
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genetic_variation.pdf | |
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Introduction:
1. Write down three physical differences among you and three other friends in your class. Explore: Watch the video on genetic variation above and answer questions below. - What is genetic variation? - What do you call changes in the genetic code? When does it usually happen? What are two factors that can contribute to this change? - What does it mean to be survival of the fittest or the best fit individual? - What is Gene flow? What if it is slow down or prevented? - Give THREE reasons why it is important that living organisms show variation. - What is Speciation? |
Types of variation: Read the following hand out on variation on the left side.
- List three other examples of Discontinuous variation. - List three other examples of Continuous Variation. - Distinguish in reference of the examples, between continuous and discontinuous variation. ![]()
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SPECIES AND SPECIATION
1. What is a species? 2. What is a HYBRID and an example? What is the unfortunate outcome? 3. Describe the two types of speciation: Allopatric and Sympatic speciation. (ISOLATION OCCUR AMONG SPECIES). List two examples of each. 4. what are examples of behavioral isolation among species? 5. What are examples of habitat isolation among species? |
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Natural Selection
1. Explain how natural selection plays a role in biological evolution. 2. There are several pieces of evidence in existence today that support the theory of natural selection. Discuss TWO of these. 3. Human are able to apply the principles of natural selection in agriculture. Using ONE plant and ONE animal as examples, explain how this is being done in the Caribbean. (Research) |
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Genetic Engineering
1. what is genetic engineering? 2. Describe two ways in which genetic engineering is being used to improve food production and two ways in which it is being used in medical treatment. 3. Discuss Three possible advantages and three possible disadvantages of genetic engineering. 4. Outline three uses of DNA testing. |
Diploma Exam
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biology_study_guide_2019.pdf | |
File Size: | 179 kb |
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short_answers_.pdf | |
File Size: | 519 kb |
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CXC practices Multiple choice (MOST of the MC will come out on your exam)
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O level questions and Part 2 CXC
2016 O LEVEL
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2017
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2018
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CXC Part 2
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